Publicación: Tamizaje visual de los recién nacidos en el Hospital Universitario Maternidad Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia, período: enero a diciembre 2025
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2026
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Santo Domingo: Universidad Iberoamericana (UNIBE)
Resumen
[Español] Introducción: El tamizaje visual neonatal aplica pruebas sencillas y reproducibles para detectar alteraciones oculares que, de pasar inadvertidas, pueden causar daño visual permanente. Comprende un nivel básico (reflejo rojo al nacimiento) y uno avanzado (fondo de ojo y evaluación refractiva posteriores). Su implementación sistemática es esencial para prevenir discapacidad visual evitable. Métodos: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y descriptivo con componente analítico exploratorio y evaluaciones seriadas en el Hospital Maternidad Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia (enero–diciembre 2025). Se tamizaron 354 neonatos en tres etapas: reflejo rojo al nacimiento (oftalmoscopio directo); fondo de ojo al mes bajo dilatación (oftalmoscopio indirecto, lente 28D y depresor escleral); y retinoscopía bajo cicloplejía a los 6–9 meses. Análisis en RStudio 2024. Resultados: Predominaron los recién nacidos a término (43.78%), el sexo femenino (55%) y el peso de 1,501–2,500 g (40.1%). El primer tamiz fue normal en el 100%. El segundo identificó alteraciones en el 37.29%, principalmente retina periférica avascular (19.78%) y retinopatía del prematuro (5.66%); se asociaron la baja edad gestacional (χ² = 83.43; gl = 5; p < 0.001) y el oxígeno suplementario (OR crudo 6.02; IC 95%: 3.59–10.08), aunque este último perdió significación al ajustar por prematuridad (OR ajustado 1.80; IC 95%: 0.77–4.20), comportándose como marcador de prematuridad. En el tercer tamiz predominó la hipermetropía (57.14% de los evaluados). Conclusión: El tamizaje visual neonatal estructurado en tres etapas es una herramienta efectiva, factible y de alto rendimiento diagnóstico. La detección oportuna evita el compromiso irreversible del desarrollo visual y justifica su implementación como política de salud pública en la República Dominicana.
[English] Introduction: Neonatal visual screening applies simple and reproducible tests to detect ocular alterations that, if undetected, may cause permanent visual damage. It comprises a basic level (red reflex at birth) and an advanced level (subsequent fundus examination and refractive evaluation). Its systematic implementation is essential to prevent avoidable visual disability. Methods: Observational, retrospective and descriptive study with an exploratory analytical component and serial assessments at Hospital Maternidad Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia (January–December 2025). A total of 354 neonates were screened in three stages: red reflex at birth (direct ophthalmoscope); fundus examination at one month under dilation (indirect ophthalmoscope, 28D lens and scleral depressor); and retinoscopy under cycloplegia at 6–9 months. Analysis in RStudio 2024. Results: Term newborns (43.78%), female sex (55%) and a birth weight of 1,501–2,500 g (40.1%) predominated. The first screening was normal in 100%. The second identified alterations in 37.29%, mainly avascular peripheral retina (19.78%) and retinopathy of prematurity (5.66%); low gestational age (χ² = 83.43; df = 5; p < 0.001) and supplemental oxygen (crude OR 6.02; 95% CI: 3.59–10.08) were associated, although the latter lost significance after adjusting for prematurity (adjusted OR 1.80; 95% CI: 0.77–4.20), behaving as a marker of prematurity. In the third screening, hyperopia predominated (57.14% of those evaluated). Conclusion: The three-stage structured neonatal visual screening is an effective, feasible, and highyield diagnostic tool. Timely detection prevents irreversible compromise of visual development and justifies its implementation as a public health policy in the Dominican Republic.
[English] Introduction: Neonatal visual screening applies simple and reproducible tests to detect ocular alterations that, if undetected, may cause permanent visual damage. It comprises a basic level (red reflex at birth) and an advanced level (subsequent fundus examination and refractive evaluation). Its systematic implementation is essential to prevent avoidable visual disability. Methods: Observational, retrospective and descriptive study with an exploratory analytical component and serial assessments at Hospital Maternidad Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia (January–December 2025). A total of 354 neonates were screened in three stages: red reflex at birth (direct ophthalmoscope); fundus examination at one month under dilation (indirect ophthalmoscope, 28D lens and scleral depressor); and retinoscopy under cycloplegia at 6–9 months. Analysis in RStudio 2024. Results: Term newborns (43.78%), female sex (55%) and a birth weight of 1,501–2,500 g (40.1%) predominated. The first screening was normal in 100%. The second identified alterations in 37.29%, mainly avascular peripheral retina (19.78%) and retinopathy of prematurity (5.66%); low gestational age (χ² = 83.43; df = 5; p < 0.001) and supplemental oxygen (crude OR 6.02; 95% CI: 3.59–10.08) were associated, although the latter lost significance after adjusting for prematurity (adjusted OR 1.80; 95% CI: 0.77–4.20), behaving as a marker of prematurity. In the third screening, hyperopia predominated (57.14% of those evaluated). Conclusion: The three-stage structured neonatal visual screening is an effective, feasible, and highyield diagnostic tool. Timely detection prevents irreversible compromise of visual development and justifies its implementation as a public health policy in the Dominican Republic.
Citación
Apellido, Nombre del autor (año). Título del trabajo. [Trabajo final, Especialidad en Oftalmología]. Santo Domingo: Universidad Iberoamericana (UNIBE). Recuperado de:

