Publicación: Características clínicas del síndrome coronario agudo en pacientes ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital General Plaza de la Salud (HGPS), en el período 2018-2019, Santo Domingo, Distrito Nacional
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2019
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Santo Domingo: Universidad Iberoamericana (UNIBE)
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[Español] Introducción: Las enfermedades coronarias constituyen un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. El informe del ministerio de salud americano (NHANES), publicado el año 2016, estima en 15.5 millones el número de pacientes con cardiopatía coronaria, estimando una prevalencia de 6.2% en sujetos mayores de 20 años (7.6% hombres y 5% mujeres). El síndrome coronario agudo es un término con el que se designa a cualquier conjunto de síntomas clínicos compatibles con isquemia miocárdica aguda. Las características clínicas frecuentes del síndrome coronario agudo han sido previamente descritas y dentro de estas se encuentra el dolor torácico, de tipo opresivo con intensidad variable y duración de más de 30 minutos en región retroesternal con irradiación al cuello, hombro o mandíbula izquierda. Sin embargo, evidencia científica con respecto a las características clínicas del síndrome coronario agudo en pacientes de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos es muy escasa en nuestro país. Por esta razón realizamos esta investigación con el fin de describir las características clínicas del síndrome coronario agudo en pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos en República Dominicana. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo, con una población de 200 pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Cardiovascular del Hospital General Plaza de la Salud en el periodo 2018-2019 con diagnóstico de Síndrome Coronario Agudo. La totalidad de la población con sus respectivos historiales fueron investigados para variables de interés. Resultados: En la población estudiada el diagnóstico de ingreso más frecuente a UCI cardiovascular fue el infarto agudo al miocardio constituyendo un 58.5% seguido por la angina inestable que corresponde a un 41% de las causas de ingreso. El factor de riesgo más frecuente en esta población de estudio fue la hipertensión arterial 92.5%. El dolor torácico fue descrito como el síntoma más frecuente presentándose en un 74.5%de los casos. Este tipo de dolor se describe como retroesternal 94.6%, intermitente, 93%, no irradiado 74.4%, calificado como inespecífico 51.8%. Se evidencio troponina positiva en 64%, CK-MB, CPK positiva en 33% de los casos y NT proBNP positivo en 23.5%. El 57.4% de los pacientes reportaron perfil lipídico dentro de los parámetros de la normalidad. Las radiografías reportaron cardiomegalia en 59.4% y ateromatosis vascular en 42.3%. De la población de estudio 62.5% fueron sometidos a algún tipo de procedimiento diagnóstico intervencionista y de hemodinamia, donde 63.2% de los casos reportó lesiones oclusivas importantes en por lo menos un vaso sanguíneo. Se describe a la arteria circunfleja como la más frecuentemente ocluida en 51.9%. Dentro de los hallazgos electrocardiográficos reportados se evidencio segmento ST isoeléctrico en un 56.3% de la población bajo estudio y ondas T invertidas en 65.1%. En relación con la fracción de eyección se reporta un FE conservada (>55%) en 58.5% de los pacientes y deprimida (54%-35%) en 34.6% de los casos. El desbalance hidroelectrolítico representó la complicación intrahospitalaria más frecuente 38.4% Discusión: Los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo cardiovascular ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos cardiovascular presentan características clínicas distintivas tales como el dolor torácico retroesternal, la epigastralgia y diaforesis, y disnea. Los hallazgos en los diferentes estudios paraclínicos también describen características específicas y relevantes las cuales deben de ser reconocidas por los diferentes profesionales de la salud con la finalidad de obtener un diagnóstico temprano, proporcionar una atención óptima, y reducir al mínimo los retrasos, con el fin de mejorar los resultados clínicos.
[English] Introduction: Coronary heart disease is a public health problem worldwide. The report of the American Ministry of Health (NHANES), published in 2016, estimates the number of patients with coronary heart disease at 15.5 million, estimating a prevalence of 6.2% in subjects over 20 years (7.6% men and 5% women). Acute coronary syndrome is a term that refers to any set of clinical symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia. The frequent clinical features of acute coronary syndrome have been previously described and within these are chest pain, oppressive type with variable intensity and duration of more than 30 minutes in the retrosternal region with irradiation to the neck, shoulder or left jaw. However, scientific evidence regarding the clinical characteristics of acute coronary syndrome in patients of the Intensive Care Unit is very scarce in our country. For this reason, we conducted this research in order to describe the clinical characteristics of acute coronary syndrome in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit in the Dominican Republic. Materials and Methods: Descriptive, observational and retrospective study, with a population of 200 patients admitted to the Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit of the General Plaza de la Salud Hospital in the 2018-2019 period with a diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome. The entire population with their respective histories were investigated for variables of interest. Results: In the population studied, the most frequent diagnosis of admission to cardiovascular ICU was acute myocardial infarction, constituting 58.5%, followed by unstable angina, which corresponds to 41% of the causes of admission. The most frequent risk factor in this study population was 92.5% arterial hypertension. Chest pain was described as the most frequent symptom occurring in 74.5% of cases. This type of pain is described as retrosternal 94.6%, intermittent, 93%, not irradiated 74.4%, qualified as nonspecific 51.8%. Troponin positive was found in 64%, CK-MB, CPK positive in 33% of cases and NT proBNP positive in 23.5%. 57.4% of patients reported lipid profile within normal parameters. Radiographs reported cardiomegaly in 59.4% and vascular atheromatosis in 42.3%. Of the study population 62.5% underwent some type of interventional diagnostic procedure and hemodynamics, where 63.2% of the cases reported significant occlusive lesions in at least one blood vessel. The circumflex artery is described as the most frequently occluded in 51.9%. Among the electrocardiographic findings reported, isoelectric ST segment was observed in 56.3% of the population under study and inverted T waves in 65.1%. In relation to the ejection fraction, a conserved EF (> 55%) is reported in 58.5% of patients and depressed (54% -35%) in 34.6% of cases. Hydro-electrolyte imbalance represented the most frequent in-hospital complication 38.4%. Discussion: Patients with acute cardiovascular coronary syndrome admitted to the cardiovascular intensive care unit have distinctive clinical features such as retrosternal chest pain, heartburn and diaphoresis, and dyspnea. The findings in the different paraclinical studies also describe specific and relevant characteristics which must be recognized by the different health professionals in order to obtain an early diagnosis, provide optimal care, and minimize delays, in order to improved clinical outcomes.
[English] Introduction: Coronary heart disease is a public health problem worldwide. The report of the American Ministry of Health (NHANES), published in 2016, estimates the number of patients with coronary heart disease at 15.5 million, estimating a prevalence of 6.2% in subjects over 20 years (7.6% men and 5% women). Acute coronary syndrome is a term that refers to any set of clinical symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia. The frequent clinical features of acute coronary syndrome have been previously described and within these are chest pain, oppressive type with variable intensity and duration of more than 30 minutes in the retrosternal region with irradiation to the neck, shoulder or left jaw. However, scientific evidence regarding the clinical characteristics of acute coronary syndrome in patients of the Intensive Care Unit is very scarce in our country. For this reason, we conducted this research in order to describe the clinical characteristics of acute coronary syndrome in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit in the Dominican Republic. Materials and Methods: Descriptive, observational and retrospective study, with a population of 200 patients admitted to the Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit of the General Plaza de la Salud Hospital in the 2018-2019 period with a diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome. The entire population with their respective histories were investigated for variables of interest. Results: In the population studied, the most frequent diagnosis of admission to cardiovascular ICU was acute myocardial infarction, constituting 58.5%, followed by unstable angina, which corresponds to 41% of the causes of admission. The most frequent risk factor in this study population was 92.5% arterial hypertension. Chest pain was described as the most frequent symptom occurring in 74.5% of cases. This type of pain is described as retrosternal 94.6%, intermittent, 93%, not irradiated 74.4%, qualified as nonspecific 51.8%. Troponin positive was found in 64%, CK-MB, CPK positive in 33% of cases and NT proBNP positive in 23.5%. 57.4% of patients reported lipid profile within normal parameters. Radiographs reported cardiomegaly in 59.4% and vascular atheromatosis in 42.3%. Of the study population 62.5% underwent some type of interventional diagnostic procedure and hemodynamics, where 63.2% of the cases reported significant occlusive lesions in at least one blood vessel. The circumflex artery is described as the most frequently occluded in 51.9%. Among the electrocardiographic findings reported, isoelectric ST segment was observed in 56.3% of the population under study and inverted T waves in 65.1%. In relation to the ejection fraction, a conserved EF (> 55%) is reported in 58.5% of patients and depressed (54% -35%) in 34.6% of cases. Hydro-electrolyte imbalance represented the most frequent in-hospital complication 38.4%. Discussion: Patients with acute cardiovascular coronary syndrome admitted to the cardiovascular intensive care unit have distinctive clinical features such as retrosternal chest pain, heartburn and diaphoresis, and dyspnea. The findings in the different paraclinical studies also describe specific and relevant characteristics which must be recognized by the different health professionals in order to obtain an early diagnosis, provide optimal care, and minimize delays, in order to improved clinical outcomes.
Citación
Apellido, Nombre del autor (año). Título del trabajo. [Trabajo de grado, Medicina]. Santo Domingo: Universidad Iberoamericana (UNIBE). Recuperado de: http://repositorio.unibe.edu.do/jspui/handle/123456789/248