Publicación: Traqueostomía temprana en pacientes sometidos a ventilación mecánica en la unidad de cuidados intensivos en el Hospital General Plaza de la Salud (HGPS), en el período agosto 2018 - julio 2019
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2020
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Santo Domingo: Universidad Iberoamericana (UNIBE)
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[Español] Introducción: La traqueostomía forma parte esencial del manejo de pacientes críticos, siendo de gran vitalidad a la hora de mantener a nuestros pacientes estables. Este procedimiento ha tenido un auge importante en las últimas décadas y se ha sugerido como un procedimiento adecuado para evitar las complicaciones de la intubación prolongada. A pesar de conocerse todas las ventajas de este procedimiento, la discusión de cuándo se debe realizar una traqueostomía sigue siendo controvertida, lo cual repercute en diversos aspectos, que van desde el compromiso del bienestar de nuestros pacientes hasta la gestión inadecuada de los recursos implicados en el cuidado de estos. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y comparativo evaluando los expedientes clínicos de 203 pacientes, con y sin traqueostomía, recibiendo ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) por intubación endotraqueal en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Plaza de la Salud en el periodo agosto 2018 a julio 2019. Resultados: De los 203 pacientes estudiados, solo a 18 de ellos (9%) se les realizó una traqueostomía, los 185 pacientes restantes (91%) se mantuvieron en ventilación mecánica solamente. De estas 18 traqueostomías, solo un 33% fueron tempranas (realizadas entre el 5to y 7mo día de ventilación). El sexo masculino predominó con un 55,2% y el grupo etario mayoritario comprendía las edades desde 40 a 69 años. Los diagnósticos neurológicos fueron más frecuentes en pacientes con traqueostomía (50%) y en pacientes sin traqueostomía, los diagnósticos cardiovasculares prevalecieron (28%). Las complicaciones infecciosas fueron más comunes en pacientes con traqueostomía (28%) y en los pacientes sin traqueostomía, fueron las complicaciones del tracto respiratorio (11%). En cuanto a días en ventilación mecánica por intubación endotraqueal, el grupo sin indicación de traqueostomía, 156 pacientes (84%) tuvo un destete exitoso dentro de los primeros 5 días de ingreso. Además, hubo 12 defunciones de pacientes con traqueostomía (67%) y 88 defunciones en el grupo sin traqueostomía (48%). Discusión: Los resultados demuestran, hasta cierto punto, el cumplimiento de protocolo de realización de traqueostomía. A su vez, ponen en evidencia el uso limitado de la traqueostomía temprana como alternativa terapéutica para pacientes con alta probabilidad de ventilación mecánica prolongada.
[English] Introduction: Tracheostomy is an essential part of the management of critical patients, being of great vitality when it comes to keeping our patients stable. This procedure has had a significant boom in recent decades and has been suggested as an appropriate procedure to avoid the complications of prolonged intubation. Despite knowing all the advantages of this procedure, the discussion of when a tracheostomy should be performed remains controversial, which has repercussions on various aspects, ranging from the commitment of the well-being of our patients to the inadequate management of the resources involved in taking care of these. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive and comparative study evaluating the clinical records of 203 patients, with and without tracheostomy, receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (VMI) by endotracheal intubation in the Intensive Care Unit of General Hospital Plaza de la Salud in the period August 2018 to July 2019. Results: Of the 203 patients studied, only 18 of them (9%) underwent tracheostomy, the remaining 185 patients (91%) were maintained in mechanical ventilation only. Of these 18 tracheostomies, only 33% were early (performed between the 5th and 7th day of ventilation). The male sex prevailed with 55.2% and the majority age group comprised ages from 40 to 69 years. Neurological diagnoses were more frequent in patients with tracheostomy (50%) and in patients without tracheostomy, cardiovascular diagnoses prevailed (28%). Infectious complications were more common in patients with tracheostomy (28%) and in patients without tracheostomy, respiratory tract complications (11%). Regarding days in mechanical ventilation by endotracheal intubation, the group without indication of tracheostomy, 156 patients (84%) had a successful weaning within the first 5 days of admission. In addition, there were 12 deaths of patients with tracheostomy (67%) and 88 deaths in the group without tracheostomy (48%). Discussion: The results demonstrate, to some extent, compliance with the protocol for performing tracheostomy. In turn, they highlight the limited use of early tracheostomy as a therapeutic alternative for patients with a high probability of prolonged mechanical ventilation.
[English] Introduction: Tracheostomy is an essential part of the management of critical patients, being of great vitality when it comes to keeping our patients stable. This procedure has had a significant boom in recent decades and has been suggested as an appropriate procedure to avoid the complications of prolonged intubation. Despite knowing all the advantages of this procedure, the discussion of when a tracheostomy should be performed remains controversial, which has repercussions on various aspects, ranging from the commitment of the well-being of our patients to the inadequate management of the resources involved in taking care of these. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive and comparative study evaluating the clinical records of 203 patients, with and without tracheostomy, receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (VMI) by endotracheal intubation in the Intensive Care Unit of General Hospital Plaza de la Salud in the period August 2018 to July 2019. Results: Of the 203 patients studied, only 18 of them (9%) underwent tracheostomy, the remaining 185 patients (91%) were maintained in mechanical ventilation only. Of these 18 tracheostomies, only 33% were early (performed between the 5th and 7th day of ventilation). The male sex prevailed with 55.2% and the majority age group comprised ages from 40 to 69 years. Neurological diagnoses were more frequent in patients with tracheostomy (50%) and in patients without tracheostomy, cardiovascular diagnoses prevailed (28%). Infectious complications were more common in patients with tracheostomy (28%) and in patients without tracheostomy, respiratory tract complications (11%). Regarding days in mechanical ventilation by endotracheal intubation, the group without indication of tracheostomy, 156 patients (84%) had a successful weaning within the first 5 days of admission. In addition, there were 12 deaths of patients with tracheostomy (67%) and 88 deaths in the group without tracheostomy (48%). Discussion: The results demonstrate, to some extent, compliance with the protocol for performing tracheostomy. In turn, they highlight the limited use of early tracheostomy as a therapeutic alternative for patients with a high probability of prolonged mechanical ventilation.
Citación
Apellido, Nombre del autor (año). Título del trabajo. [Trabajo de grado, Medicina]. Santo Domingo: Universidad Iberoamericana (UNIBE). Recuperado de: http://repositorio.unibe.edu.do/jspui/handle/123456789/247